Experimental techniques have long served as the bedrock for advancing our understanding of fluid flow, heat, and mass transfer phenomena. These methods encompass a broad spectrum of approaches – from ...

People not in the refrigeration business often think that refrigeration equipment produces cold air; in fact, the equipment is actually removing heat from air and leaving what’s left — the cold. When ...

Mountain permafrost is warming and thawing worldwide due to climate change, with ground temperature being a key control of its mechanical stability. Heat conduction is the dominant mode of heat ...

Computational methods are now a cornerstone in the study of fluid flow, heat transfer and mass transfer phenomena, underpinning modern simulations that inform both fundamental research and engineering ...