Leela Barham looks back to before the Cancer Drugs Fund and how recommendations have changed through CDF 1.0 and CDF 2.0 to explore it's success. Cancer drugs and the decisions made by the UK’s ...

PDF files have become ubiquitous in our multi-platform world. This convenient file format makes it possible to view and share documents across various devices using various operating systems and ...

This title is part of a longer publication history. The full run of this journal will be searched. TITLE HISTORY A title history is the publication history of a journal and includes a listing of the ...

Information provided on Forbes Advisor is for educational purposes only. Your financial situation is unique and the products and services we review may not be right for your circumstances. We do not ...

As an editor and writer who has contributed to many national and local publications, Nicole Gregory enjoys communicating clearly on critical health topics so that readers can make informed choices for ...

Decision-making inherently involves cause–effect relationships that introduce causal challenges. We argue that reliable algorithms for decision-making need to build upon causal reasoning. Addressing ...

Mitchell Grant is a self-taught investor with over 5 years of experience as a financial trader. He is a financial content strategist and creative content editor. Timothy Li is a consultant, accountant ...

Sean Ross is a strategic adviser at 1031x.com, Investopedia contributor, and the founder and manager of Free Lances Ltd. Gordon Scott has been an active investor and technical analyst or 20+ years. He ...

Abstract: Underwater image enhancement (UIE) aims to restore image quality by mitigating inherent degradations in underwater imaging systems. While existing learning-based methods show promise, they ...

Abstract: Since data scarcity and data heterogeneity are prevailing for medical images, well-trained Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) using previous normalization methods may perform poorly when ...

A function that shows the probability that the random variable will attain a value less than or equal to each value that the random variable can take on.