In 1950 Edward Nelson, then a student at the University of Chicago, asked the kind of deceptively simple question that can give mathematicians fits for decades. Imagine, he said, a graph — a ...

Graph labeling is a central topic in combinatorial optimisation that involves assigning numerical or categorical labels to vertices or edges of a graph subject to specific constraints. This framework ...

Graph optimisation problems encompass a diverse range of challenges aimed at finding optimal or near‐optimal solutions in networks or graphs. These problems are pivotal in areas such as communication ...