Proteins are bio-macromolecules with a range of functionalities as a result of complex higher-order structures. As the end product of the “central dogma” in biology, proteins are considered the key ...

In vivo protein expression includes cloning a gene of interest with the essential control elements into an expression vector, and then transforming the vector into an easily grown organism or cell ...

The evolution of biomedical science can be appreciated through studies of hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying protein in red cells. Before molecular cloning, the geneticist Arno Motulsky noted, “Many ...

The engineering and production of antibodies are vital in drug discovery, offering effective and precise therapeutics and diagnostic/prognostic materials for numerous diseases. Antibodies are proteins ...

Saccharomyces cerevisiae has long been grown in fed-batch cultivation by the brewing and baking industry, where it was selected principally for its vigorous growth. It has also been used in the ...